PlexBright Optogenetic Stimulation System

PlexBright Optogenetic Stimulation System

Optogenetic techniques provide a long sought-after level of control over neural tissue – the ability to activate or silence specific brain regions or cell types with extreme precision. In 2004, Ed Boyden and Karl Deisseroth at Stanford University collaborated with George Nagel and others to perform the work considered to be the genesis of the field now known as optogenetics.

Optogenetics employs a combination of genetic modulation and optical techniques. Cells are genetically engineered to express a light-sensitive opsin and then the engineered cells are activated with light, which results in cell activation (depolarization), inhibition (hyperpolarization), or modulation of intracellular signaling cascades. Below are a few of the most commonly used opsins:

-Channelrhodopsin-1 (ChR1) and Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) cause fast depolarization of neurons (activation) when activated by blue light.

-Wild-type halorhodopsin, known as NpHR, causes inhibition (hyperpolarization) of the cell when triggered with yellow light.

-Archaerhodopsin-3 (Arch) inhibits (hyperpolarizes) the cell when triggered by green-yellow light.

The tools available for optogenetics have broadly expanded and now include proteins that are diverse in their ionic selectivity, spectral sensitivity, and temporal resolution. Researchers can also achieve greater specificity by manipulating the illumination (target certain regions for spatial specificity or pulse light for temporal resolution) and by limiting genetic modifications to certain cell types.

Plexon offers a powerful LED based optogenetic stimulation system that provides stable light output, outstanding temporal precision, and fewer safety concerns as compared to laser-based systems.

Feature	Specifications and Options	Remarks
Optogenetic Starter Kits	- Freely Behaving Mouse & Small Animal Kit - Freely Behaving Rat & Large Animal Kit - Head-fixed/Anesthetized Animal Kit - In vitro Experiment Kit	Starter Kits offer the initial set-up products. Kits are available in four experimental design set-ups and with either driver (the 4 Channel Optogenetic Controller with Radiant Software or the LD-1 Single-Channel LED Driver).
Optogenetic drivers	- PlexBright 4 Channel Optogenetic Controller, or - PlexBright LD-1 Single Channel LED Driver.	The PlexBright 4 Channel Optogenetic Controller is a multichannel, pattern generating, software controlled device, while the PlexBright LD-1 Single Channel LED Driver is a more economical alternative.
Compatible Light sources	LEDs or lasers
Number of PlexBright LED Modules simultaneously controlled per channel	1 or 2	Outputs on either driver/controller can operate a single PlexBright LED Module or two in which identical parameters are desired for both stimulation sites – such as with bilateral stimulation. A Series-Y BNC cable is required to operate two PlexBright LED Modules from a single channel.
Optogenetic Commutators	- PlexBright Dual LED Commutator - PlexBright Dual LED + 16 Channel Commutator for simultaneous use with analog headstages, - Carousel Commutator for simultaneous use with digital headstages	All support up to two specially designed, easily interchangeable, Compact LED Modules. Carousel commutators also enable simultaneous neural recording.
Optogenetic LED Module Styles	- Table-top - Compact - Head-Mounted	The Table-top style is generally used for head-fixed or in vitro experiments. The Compact or Head-Mounted style is generally used with a PlexBright commutator.
Optogenetic LED Module wavelengths	Royal (450nm), Blue (465nm),Green (525nm), Lime (550nm), Yellow (590nm), Orange (620nm), Red (630nm), Crimson (660nm), Infrared (740-940nm), Ultraviolet (365-405nm)	The 550nm Lime LED offers attractive power and a broad activation spectrum to those targeting halorhodopsins and archaerhodopsins. The near-infrared LED modules for photothermal inhibition of neural activity and the ultraviolet LED modules for Ca indicator and Light regulated GABAA receptor (LiGABAR).
PlexBright Optical Patch Cable stimulation tip styles	- Bare Fiber, - LC Ferrule, or - FC Ferrule	Bare Fiber tips are most often used for anesthetized, head-fixed or in vitro experiments; LC Ferrule tips are best suited for chronic experiments with mice or small animals; while FC Ferrule tips offer additional strength in chronic experiments for use with rats and stronger animals. Although researchers use both ferrule size tips with rats, it is highly recommended to consider the stronger FC Ferrule tip as well as the stainless steel jacketing.
PlexBright Optical Patch Cable lengths	0.5, 1.0 or 1.5m	Patch cables can be custom made with lengths to the nearest tenth of a meter. Maximum length for High Performance Patch Cables is 2.3m. High Durability Patch Cables can be made in any length to the nearest tenth of a meter.
PlexBright Optical Patch Cable jacketing	- Stainless steel, mono-coil - Stainless steel armored jacketing	An added protection from animals (chewing, etc.), or from researchers (over bending).
PlexBright Fiber Stub Implant lengths	1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10 or 12mm (available in boxes of 5 with a price break at 25 stubs)	PlexBright Fiber Stub Implants are used with the LC or FC ferrule-tipped PlexBright Optical Patch Cables when working with freely behaving animals that may be disconnected from time-to-time from the optical cable.
PlexBright Fiber Stub Ferrule sizes	- LC Ferrule, or - FC Ferrule	FC Ferrules are slightly larger and offer a bit more strength than LC Ferrules. Additionally, for a proper fit and optimal light transmission, the ferrule on the PlexBright Optical Patch Cable must match the ferrule on the PlexBright Fiber Stub Implant. For example, if the subject is an agitated rat, then the FC Ferrule Fiber Stub Implant is preferred, and then so is an PlexBright Optical Patch Cable with an FC Ferrule tip.
PlexBright Optical Fibers	- High Performance .66NA fiber, or - High Durability .5NA fiber	See LED power ouput tables for measured output of each fiber. at various points throughout the system.
PlexBright Fiber Stub Implant diameters	- 110/125μm optical fiber, or - 200/230μm optical fiber	The first number represents the core fiber diameter, while the second gives the total fiber diameter including the cladding. PlexBright Fiber Stub Implants utilize the same high performance optical fiber that is found in our PlexBright Optical Patch Cables. The smaller diameter fiber may be more appropriate when minimal tissue disturbance is of special concern and/or for small animals such as mice, while the larger fiber may be more advantageous if maximum power delivered to the tissue is especially important.
Accessories	- PlexBright Light Measurement Kit - PlexBright Optical Fiber Cleaning Kit - PlexBright Series-Y BNC Cable	The PlexBright Light Measurement Kit ensures accurate output measurements of the optical fiber throughout the light path (unlikely to be accurately read without this kit and the contained adaptors). The PlexBright Optical Fiber Cleaning Kit maximizes light transmission at fiber connections and extends the life of the fiber connection tips. The PlexBright Series-Y BNC Cable enables the simultaneous operation of two PlexBright LED modules from a single driver/controller output (channel).

PlexBright LED Power Outputs

Plexon offers two types of patch cables, high performance and high durability. Power outputs for each of these are provided.

With High Performance Patch Cables*

*Using the high performance patch cable results in the greatest power output values

With High Durability Patch Cables**

**High Durability patch cables are suggested for experiemnts with frelly moving animals.

PlexBright LED Power Output With Head-Mounted LED Modules

The PlexBright 4 Channel Optogenetic Controller controlled by Radiant Software is one of the cornerstones of the PlexBright Optogenetic Stimulation System (PlexBright System). Radiant offers unsurpassed control of LEDs or lasers over multiple channels.

Through Radiant’s easy-to-use GUI, each 4 Channel Optogenetic Controller starts, drives and stops up to four channels independently from the most basic signals to the generation of sophisticated output patterns. Further, one channel may drive an LED module, while a second channel drives a laser.

Each channel/output may be configured to deliver up to 1100mA of precision-controlled current to one or two PlexBright LED Modules. Alternatively, outputs may be configured to deliver up to a 5V signal, enabling simultaneous control of both LED modules and lasers. The 4 Channel Optogenetic Controller further enables interaction with third party equipment through eight digital inputs and 16 digital outputs.

Radiant v2’s pattern generation functionality allows researchers to quickly define simple to complex output patterns that may be saved and played back repeatedly. Arbitrary stimulation patterns can also be loaded from user defined text files, or the outputs can be controlled directly by the user in manual mode. Patterns can also be generated in an offline mode for use at a later time.

With respect to LEDs – and like the PlexBright LD-1 Single Channel LED Driver – each output of the 4 Channel Optogenetic Controller is capable of controlling one or two LED modules. When two modules share a single output simultaneously (accomplished via a specialized cable that connects the LED Modules in series called a PlexBright Series-Y BNC cable), each module receives the same control signal. This configuration is particularly applicable to bilateral stimulation experiments.

For higher volume research experiments, Radiant enables the integration of up to four PlexBright 4 Channel Optogenetic Controllers simultaneously operated by a single computer – yielding up to 16 channels of independent output.

For more information on any part of the PlexBright Optogenetic Stimulation System, please contact a Plexon Sales Engineer.

Support Videos

Installation Packages/Upgrades

Radiant v2.3 – Windows 7 and Windows 10

Post date April 25, 2019

Radiant v2.2 – Windows XP

Post date December 5, 2016

Manuals/User Guides

PlexBright™ 4 Channel Optogenetic Controller with Radiant™ Software User Guide

Updated through v2.3

PlexBright LD-1 Single Channel LED Driver User Guide

Change Log

Radiant Change Log

Guides and How To Papers

Technical Specs and Data Sheets

PlexBright Optogenetic Stimulation System Data Sheet

Blog Post

Choosing a Light Source, Patch Cable and Fiber Stub

2023

2022

2021

2019

2018

2017

2016

Smith AS, Avram SW, Cymerblit-Sabba A, Song J, Young WS. Targeted activation of the hippocampal CA2 area strongly enhances social memory. Molecular psychiatry. 2016 Aug;21(8):1137.

2015

McAlinden N, Gu E, Dawson MD, Sakata S, Mathieson K. Optogenetic activation of neocortical neurons in vivo with a sapphire-based micro-scale LED probe. Frontiers in neural circuits. 2015 May 29;9:25.

2014

Optogenetic techniques provide a long sought-after level of control over neural tissue – the ability to activate or silence specific brain regions or cell types with extreme precision. In 2004, Ed Boyden and Karl Deisseroth at Stanford University collaborated with George Nagel and others to perform the work considered to be the genesis of the field now known as optogenetics.

Optogenetics employs a combination of genetic modulation and optical techniques. Cells are genetically engineered to express a light-sensitive opsin and then the engineered cells are activated with light, which results in cell activation (depolarization), inhibition (hyperpolarization), or modulation of intracellular signaling cascades. Below are a few of the most commonly used opsins:

-Channelrhodopsin-1 (ChR1) and Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) cause fast depolarization of neurons (activation) when activated by blue light.

-Wild-type halorhodopsin, known as NpHR, causes inhibition (hyperpolarization) of the cell when triggered with yellow light.

-Archaerhodopsin-3 (Arch) inhibits (hyperpolarizes) the cell when triggered by green-yellow light.

The tools available for optogenetics have broadly expanded and now include proteins that are diverse in their ionic selectivity, spectral sensitivity, and temporal resolution. Researchers can also achieve greater specificity by manipulating the illumination (target certain regions for spatial specificity or pulse light for temporal resolution) and by limiting genetic modifications to certain cell types.

Plexon offers a powerful LED based optogenetic stimulation system that provides stable light output, outstanding temporal precision, and fewer safety concerns as compared to laser-based systems.

Feature	Specifications and Options	Remarks
Optogenetic Starter Kits	- Freely Behaving Mouse & Small Animal Kit - Freely Behaving Rat & Large Animal Kit - Head-fixed/Anesthetized Animal Kit - In vitro Experiment Kit	Starter Kits offer the initial set-up products. Kits are available in four experimental design set-ups and with either driver (the 4 Channel Optogenetic Controller with Radiant Software or the LD-1 Single-Channel LED Driver).
Optogenetic drivers	- PlexBright 4 Channel Optogenetic Controller, or - PlexBright LD-1 Single Channel LED Driver.	The PlexBright 4 Channel Optogenetic Controller is a multichannel, pattern generating, software controlled device, while the PlexBright LD-1 Single Channel LED Driver is a more economical alternative.
Compatible Light sources	LEDs or lasers
Number of Optogenetic LED Modules simultaneously controlled per channel	1 or 2	Outputs on either driver/controller can operate a single PlexBright LED Module or two in which identical parameters are desired for both stimulation sites – such as with bilateral stimulation. A Series-Y BNC cable is required to operate two PlexBright LED Modules from a single channel.
Optogenetic Commutators	- PlexBright Dual LED Commutator - PlexBright Dual LED + 16 Channel Commutator for simultaneous use with analog headstages, - Carousel Commutator for simultaneous use with digital headstages - New PlexBright Dual LED + fluid swivel commutator	All support up to two specially designed, easily interchangeable, Compact LED Modules. Carousel commutators also enable simultaneous neural recording.
Optogenetic LED Module Styles	- Table-top - Compact - Head-Mounted	The Table-top style is generally used for head-fixed or in vitro experiments. The Compact or Head-Mounted style is generally used with a PlexBright commutator.
Optogenetic LED Module wavelengths	Royal (450nm), Blue (465nm),Green (525nm), Lime (550nm), Yellow (590nm), Orange (620nm), Red (630nm), Crimson (660nm), Infrared (740-940nm), Ultraviolet (365-405nm)	The 550nm Lime LED offers attractive power and a broad activation spectrum to those targeting halorhodopsins and archaerhodopsins. The near-infrared LED modules for photothermal inhibition of neural activity and the ultraviolet LED modules for Ca indicator and Light regulated GABAA receptor (LiGABAR).
PlexBright Optical Patch Cable stimulation tip styles	- Bare Fiber, - LC Ferrule, or - FC Ferrule	Bare Fiber tips are most often used for anesthetized, head-fixed or in vitro experiments; LC Ferrule tips are best suited for chronic experiments with mice or small animals; while FC Ferrule tips offer additional strength in chronic experiments for use with rats and stronger animals. Although researchers use both ferrule size tips with rats, it is highly recommended to consider the stronger FC Ferrule tip as well as the stainless steel jacketing.
PlexBright Optical Patch Cable lengths	0.5, 1.0 or 1.5m	Patch cables can be custom made with lengths to the nearest tenth of a meter. Maximum length for High Performance Patch Cables is 2.3m. High Durability Patch Cables can be made in any length to the nearest tenth of a meter.
PlexBright Optical Patch Cable jacketing	- Stainless steel, mono-coil - Stainless steel armored jacketing	An added protection from animals (chewing, etc.), or from researchers (over bending).
PlexBright Fiber Stub Implant lengths	1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10 or 12mm (available in boxes of 5 with a price break at 25 stubs)	PlexBright Fiber Stub Implants are used with the LC or FC ferrule-tipped PlexBright Optical Patch Cables when working with freely behaving animals that may be disconnected from time-to-time from the optical cable.
PlexBright Fiber Stub Ferrule sizes	- LC Ferrule, or - FC Ferrule	FC Ferrules are slightly larger and offer a bit more strength than LC Ferrules. Additionally, for a proper fit and optimal light transmission, the ferrule on the PlexBright Optical Patch Cable must match the ferrule on the PlexBright Fiber Stub Implant. For example, if the subject is an agitated rat, then the FC Ferrule Fiber Stub Implant is preferred, and then so is an PlexBright Optical Patch Cable with an FC Ferrule tip.
PlexBright Optical Fibers	- High Performance .66NA fiber, or - High Durability .5NA fiber	See LED power ouput tables for measured output of each fiber. at various points throughout the system.
PlexBright Fiber Stub Implant diameters	- 110/125μm optical fiber, or - 200/230μm optical fiber	The first number represents the core fiber diameter, while the second gives the total fiber diameter including the cladding. PlexBright Fiber Stub Implants utilize the same high performance optical fiber that is found in our PlexBright Optical Patch Cables. The smaller diameter fiber may be more appropriate when minimal tissue disturbance is of special concern and/or for small animals such as mice, while the larger fiber may be more advantageous if maximum power delivered to the tissue is especially important.
Accessories	- PlexBright Light Measurement Kit - PlexBright Optical Fiber Cleaning Kit - PlexBright Series-Y BNC Cable	The PlexBright Light Measurement Kit ensures accurate output measurements of the optical fiber throughout the light path (unlikely to be accurately read without this kit and the contained adaptors). The PlexBright Optical Fiber Cleaning Kit maximizes light transmission at fiber connections and extends the life of the fiber connection tips. The PlexBright Series-Y BNC Cable enables the simultaneous operation of two PlexBright LED modules from a single driver/controller output (channel).

PlexBright LED Power Outputs

Plexon offers two types of patch cables, high performance and high durability. Power outputs for each of these are provided.

With High Performance Patch Cables*

*Using the high performance patch cable results in the greatest power output values

With High Durability Patch Cables**

**High Durability patch cables are suggested for experiemnts with frelly moving animals.

PlexBright LED Power Output With Head-Mounted LED Modules

The PlexBright 4 Channel Optogenetic Controller controlled by Radiant Software is one of the cornerstones of the PlexBright System. Radiant offers unsurpassed control of LEDs or lasers over multiple channels.

Through Radiant’s easy-to-use GUI, each 4 Channel Optogenetic Controller starts, drives and stops up to four channels independently from the most basic signals to the generation of sophisticated output patterns. Further, one channel may drive an LED module, while a second channel drives a laser.

Each channel/output may be configured to deliver up to 1100mA of precision-controlled current to one or two PlexBright LED Modules. Alternatively, outputs may be configured to deliver up to a 5V signal, enabling simultaneous control of both LED modules and lasers. The 4 Channel Optogenetic Controller further enables interaction with third party equipment through eight digital inputs and 16 digital outputs.

Radiant v2’s pattern generation functionality allows researchers to quickly define simple to complex output patterns that may be saved and played back repeatedly. Arbitrary stimulation patterns can also be loaded from user defined text files, or the outputs can be controlled directly by the user in manual mode. Patterns can also be generated in an offline mode for use at a later time.

When two modules share a single output simultaneously (accomplished via a specialized cable that connects the LED Modules in series called a PlexBright Series-Y BNC cable), each module receives the same control signal. This configuration is particularly applicable to bilateral stimulation experiments.

For higher volume research experiments, Radiant enables the integration of up to four PlexBright 4 Channel Optogenetic Controllers simultaneously operated by a single computer – yielding up to 16 channels of independent output.

For more information on any part of the PlexBright Optogenetic Stimulation System, please contact a Plexon Sales Engineer.

Support Videos

Installation Packages/Upgrades

Radiant v2.3 – Windows 7 and Windows 10

Post date April 25, 2019

Radiant v2.2 – Windows XP

Post date December 5, 2016

Manuals/User Guides

PlexBright™ 4 Channel Optogenetic Controller with Radiant™ Software User Guide

Updated through v2.3

PlexBright LD-1 Single Channel LED Driver User Guide

Change Log

Radiant Change Log

Guides and How To Papers

Technical Specs and Data Sheets

PlexBright Optogenetic Stimulation System Data Sheet

2023

2022

2021

2019

2018

2017

2016

Smith AS, Avram SW, Cymerblit-Sabba A, Song J, Young WS. Targeted activation of the hippocampal CA2 area strongly enhances social memory. Molecular psychiatry. 2016 Aug;21(8):1137.

2015

McAlinden N, Gu E, Dawson MD, Sakata S, Mathieson K. Optogenetic activation of neocortical neurons in vivo with a sapphire-based micro-scale LED probe. Frontiers in neural circuits. 2015 May 29;9:25.

2014

Optogenetic stimulation equipment

Select your Experimental Design

Plexon offers optogenetic equipment for every experimental design

Freely Moving ›

Head-Fixed/Anesthetized ›

In Vitro ›

Select your Experimental Design

Plexon offers optogenetic equipment for every experimental design

Freely Moving

Head-Fixed/Anesthetized

In Vitro

Optogenetic Equipment

LED Controllers

LEDs

Commutators

Patch Cables

Fiber Stubs

Light Measurement Kit

Helios: Wireless Optogenetics

Cleaning Kit

Optogenetic Equipment

LED Controllers

LEDs

Commutators

Patch Cables

Fiber Stubs

Light Measurement Kit

Helios: Wireless Optogenetics

Cleaning Kit

Combine Optogenetics with Behavioral Tracking

Plexon offers behavioral tracking software (CineLyzer) designed to integrate optogenetic stimulation with a variety of behavioral tasks. Combining PlexBright and CineLyzer allows the user to trigger optogenetic stimulation under time-specific conditions in behavioral tasks, such as the delivery of a conditioned stimulus light cue or when the subject displays a behavior of interest.

Learn More

Integrate with Electrophysiology

Seamlessly integrate optogenetics with our OmniPlex Neural Recording System to create time-locked events in the recording data. Additionally, incorporating the Carousel commutator makes it possible to record neural activity and optogenetically stimulate in awake and freely moving animals.

Learn More

Combine Optogenetics with Behavioral Tracking

Plexon offers behavioral tracking software (CineLyzer) designed to integrate optogenetic stimulation with a variety of behavioral tasks. Combining PlexBright and CineLyzer allows the user to trigger optogenetic stimulation under time-specific conditions in behavioral tasks, such as the delivery of a conditioned stimulus light cue or when the subject displays a behavior of interest.

Learn More

Integrate with Electrophysiology

Seamlessly integrate optogenetics with our OmniPlex Neural Recording System to create time-locked events in the recording data. Additionally, incorporating the Carousel commutator makes it possible to record neural activity and optogenetically stimulate in awake and freely moving animals.

Learn More

LED Module	At the LED Module	At the tip of a 200/230µm, 0.66NA Patch Cable*	At the tip of a 200/230µm, 0.66NA Fiber Stub**	At the tip of a 110/125µm, 0.66NA Fiber Stub***
Color (Wavelength)	Measured Output¹	Measured Output¹ (Normalized Output)	Measured Output¹ (Normalized Output)	Measured Output¹ (Normalized Output)
Royal (450nm)	44.9mW	28.1mW (894mW/mm²)	22.5mW (715mW/mm²)	6.9mW (724mW/mm²)
Blue (465nm)	40.2mW	24.9mW (792mW/mm²)	19.9mW (634mW/mm²)	6.1mW (645mW/mm²)
Green (525nm)	11.8mW	7.8mW (249mW/mm²)	6.2mW (199mW/mm²)	1.9mW (201mW/mm²)
Lime (550nm)	19.8mW	11.5mW (336mW/mm²)	9.2mW (293mW/mm²)	2.8mW (295mW/mm²)
Yellow (590nm)	5.8mW	3.2mW (102mW/mm²)	2.6mW (82mW/mm²)	0.8mW (83mW/mm²)
Orange (620nm)	17.5mW	11.0mW (349mW/mm²)	8.8mW (279mW/mm²)	2.7mW (283mW/mm²)
Red (630nm)	19.5mW	11.8mW (375mW/mm²)	9.4mW (300mW/mm²)	2.9mW (304mW/mm²)
Crimson (660nm)	22.8mW	15.1mW (476mW/mm²)	12.0mW (381mW/mm²)	3.7mW (386mW/mm²)
Infrared 1 (850nm)	21.3mW	13.2mW (422mW/mm²)	10.6mW (337mW/mm²)	3.2mW (342mW/mm²)
Infrared 2 (940nm)	21.5mW	14.0mW (445mW/mm²)	11.2mW (356mW/mm²)	3.4mW (360mW/mm²)
Near-Infrared 1 (740nm)	12.3mW	8.5mW (270mW/mm²)	6.8mW (216mW/mm²)	2.1mW (219mW/mm²)
Near-Infrared 2 (760nm)	14.7mW	11.2mW (356mW/mm²)	8.9mW (285mW/mm²)	2.7mW (288mW/mm²)
Near-Infrared 3 (780nm)	11.0mW	7.2mW (228mW/mm²)	5.7mW (182mW/mm²)	1.8mW (184mW/mm²)
Near-Infrared 4 (810nm)	11.7mW	8.4mW (268mW/mm²)	6.7mW (215mW/mm²)	2.1mW (217mW/mm²)
Ultraviolet 1 (365nm)	28.1mW	13.5mW (430mW/mm²)	10.8mW (344mW/mm²)	3.3mW (348mW/mm²)
Ultraviolet 2 (385nm)	42.0mW	26.0mW (829mW/mm²)	20.8mW (663mW/mm²)	6.4mW (672mW/mm²)
Ultraviolet 3 (405nm)	41.8mW	27.2mW (865mW/mm²)	21.7mW (692mW/mm²)	6.7mW (701mW/mm²)

LED Module	At the LED Module	At the tip of a 200/230µm, 0.5NA Patch Cable*	At the tip of a 200/230µm, 0.66NA Fiber Stub **	At the tip of a 110/125µm, 0.66NA Fiber Stub***
Color (Wavelength)	Measured Output¹	Measured Output¹ (Normalized Output)	Measured Output¹ (Normalized Output)	Measured Output¹ (Normalized Output)
Royal (450nm)	44.9mW	21.8mW (694mW/mm²)	17.4mW (554mW/mm²)	5.4mW (569mW/mm²)
Blue (465nm)	40.2mW	19.0mW (605mW/mm²)	15.2mW (484mW/mm²)	4.7mW (495mW/mm²)
Green (525nm)	11.8mW	5.8mW (185mW/mm²)	4.6mW (146mW/mm²)	2.4mW (253mW/mm²)
Lime (550nm)	19.8mW	10.1mW (321mW/mm²)	8.1mW (258mW/mm²)	2.5mW (263mW/mm²)
Yellow (590nm)	5.8mW	3.0mW (95mW/mm²)	2.4mW (76mW/mm²)	0.8mW (84mW/mm²)
Orange (620nm)	17.5mW	9.2mW (293mW/mm²)	7.4mW (236mW/mm²)	2.3mW (242mW/mm²)
Red (630nm)	19.5mW	9.7mW (309mW/mm²)	7.7mW (245mW/mm²)	2.4mW (253mW/mm²)
Crimson (660nm)	22.8mW	11.5mW (366mW/mm²)	9.1mW (290mW/mm²)	2.8mW (295mW/mm²)
Infrared 1 (850nm)	21.3mW	10.7mW (341mW/mm²)	8.6mW (274mW/mm²)	2.6mW (274mW/mm²)
Infrared 2 (940nm)	21.5mW	10.4mW (331mW/mm²)	8.3mW (264mW/mm²)	2.5mW (263mW/mm²)
Near-Infrared 1 (740nm)	12.3mW	6.5mW (206mW/mm²)	5.2mW (165mW/mm²)	1.6mW (163mW/mm²)
Near-Infrared 2 (760nm)	14.7mW	7.8mW (250mW/mm²)	6.3mW (200mW/mm²)	1.9mW (198mW/mm²)
Near-Infrared 3 (780nm)	11.0mW	5.7mW (180mW/mm²)	4.5mW (144mW/mm²)	1.4mW (143mW/mm²)
Near-Infrared 4 (810nm)	11.7mW	6.1mW (195mW/mm²)	4.9mW (325mW/mm²)	1.5mW (154mW/mm²)
Ultraviolet 1 (365nm)	28.1mW	15.4mW (489mW/mm²)	12.3mW (391mW/mm²)	3.7mW (388mW/mm²)
Ultraviolet 2 (385nm)	42.0mW	23.0mW (732mW/mm²)	18.4mW (586mW/mm²)	5.5mW (581mW/mm²)
Ultraviolet 3 (405nm)	41.8mW	22.5mW (717mW/mm²)	18.0mW (573mW/mm²)	5.4mW (569mW/mm²)

LED Module	At the LED Module	At the tip of a 200/230µm, 0.66NA Fiber Stub (No patch cable required)
Color (Wavelength/Max Current)	Measured Output¹	Measured Output¹ (Normalized Output)
Head-Mounted Blue (465nm/300mA)	55mW	19.2mW (611mW/mm²)
Head-Mounted Green (525nm/300mA)	15mW	5.2mW (166mW/mm²)
Head-Mounted Lime (550nm/500mA)	22mW	7.7mW (245mW/mm²)
Head-Mounted Orange (620nm/250mA)	24mW	8.4mW (267mW/mm²)